Mammography is a diagnostic imaging procedure of the breast to detect and evaluate breast disease. Mammography is widely used as a screening method and plays a key role in early breast cancer detection.
The screening mammography is used to detect breast changes in women who have no signs or symptoms or noticed breast abnormalities. The goal is to detect a breast tumor before any clinical signs are observable.
A diagnostic mammography is used to investigate suspicious breast changes, such as a breast lump, an unusual skin appearance, breast pain, nipple thickening or nipple discharge.
A breast screening or standard mammography requires two mammograms from different angles of each breast including craniocaudal view and mediolateral view. Additional images can be made from other angles or focus on microcalcifications or other suspicious areas.
A mammogram is created by special mammography equipment with long wavelength of the used x-rays. Film-screen mammography is still the most widely used technology, but the state of the art technique is digital mammography. Conventional x-ray equipment was used to produce mammograms until dedicated mammography equipment became available in the late 1960s. Film-screen mammography and xeromammography, introduced in the early 1970s, used lower radiation doses and produced sharper mammograms. The second generation of mammography systems has been introduced in the early 1980s. Chief disadvantages of analog mammography include the labor-intensive handling of the cassettes, relatively slow processing time, the lack of a direct interface to the x-ray system, and no post processing possibilities.
Mammograms of high quality should be done with the lowest radiation dose as possible. Adequate breast compression is important due to shortening of the exposure times, immobilization of the breast, reduction of motion and blurring and prevention of overpenetration by means of equalizing breast thickness.
Further breast imaging procedures include breast ultrasound and breast MRI.

Metastases are spreads of cancer cells to other parts of the body. The metastatic tumor contains cells that are like those in the primary tumor.

Microcalcifications in breast imaging are tiny white specks of calcium salts. Microcalcifications in clusters, seen on a mammogram, can be the only sign of ductal carcinoma in situ or early invasive cancer, or they can be associated with benign breast changes.

N1177 is the codename for a nanoparticulate contrast agent under development. N1177 is tested to improve the clinical utility of computed tomography (CT) to diagnose cardiovascular diseases and cancers. N1177 is water insoluble, has an iodine concentration of 67 mg/mL and interacts with activated macrophages. The provider is Nanoscan Imaging, Lansdale, PA.

A proton is a basic particle located in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons in the nucleus governs the chemical properties of that element. The positive electrical charge is equal to the negative charge of an electron and the mass is similar to that of a neutron (see also baryon). The proton belongs to the group of hadrons and is composed out of three quarks.
A hydrogen (H1) nucleus is build of one proton.
Proton beam therapy is the preferred treatment for cancers near the eye and the spinal cord.