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 'Coronary Angiogram' 
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Coronary Angiogram
A coronary angiogram (or cardiac catheterization) is the radiographic visualization of the coronary arteries after the introduction of a contrast agent. A coronary angiography can be performed for both diagnostic and interventional (treatment) purposes.
A catheter, inserted into a major blood vessel has to be maneuvered up to the coronary arteries to inject a blood compatible iodinated contrast material (dye). The x-ray visible catheter allows injecting a small amount of contrast agent selectively in the coronary arteries or the heart chambers. Continuous images are recorded (movies or cineangiogram) in multiple views from different angles are in order to ascertain the precise location and severity of coronary artery blockages. Digitized images are also saved on computer and replayed onto a video screen as needed.
A coronary angiogram is more invasive and requires more patient recovery time than coronary CT angiography. In the past, the gold standard for detecting atherosclerotic plaque was a coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound. Today, the American Heart Association considers CT scanning to be one of the most effective, non-invasive methods for the detection of calcification in the coronary arteries.

See also Interventional Radiology.
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Adventitia
Three tissue layers called tunicae, or coats, surround the lumen of an artery. The adventitia (outer coat) is the outermost layer of an arterial wall and is composed of connective tissue containing elastic fibers and another layer of protein called the external basement membrane. Smooth muscle cells comprise the tunica media, or middle coat. The muscle cells contract or relax to constrict or dilate the artery.

See also Coronary Angiogram, Angiography, Angioplasty, and Cardiac Catheterization.
Angiography
CT Angiography
(CTA) A computed tomographic angiography or computerized tomography angiogram is a diagnostic imaging test that combines conventional CT technique with that of traditional angiography to create images of the blood vessels in the body - from brain vessels to arteries of the lungs, kidneys, arms and legs.
High resolution CT scans with thin slices and intravenous injection of iodinated contrast material provide detailed images of vascular anatomy and the adjacent bony structures. CTA requires rapid scanning as the imaging data are typically acquired during the first pass of a bolus of contrast medium. The selection of acquisition timing is important to optimize the contrast enhancement, which is dependent on contrast injection methods, imaging techniques and patient variations in weight, age and health. CT angiography is less invasive compared to conventional angiography and the data can be rendered in three dimensions.

CTA techniques are commonly used to:
Detect pulmonary embolism with computed tomography pulmonary angiography;
rule out coronary artery disease with coronary CT angiography;
evaluate heart disease with cardiac CT;
identify aneurysms, dissections, narrowing, obstruction and other vessel disease in the aorta or major blood vessels;

See also Cardiovascular Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Angiography MRA, Coronary Angiogram, Computed Tomography Dose Index and Computed or Computerized Axial Tomography.
Coronary CT Angiography
(CCTA) Coronary computed tomography angiography is a diagnostic imaging procedure to visualize the coronary arteries. CCTA is a non-invasive angiogram that allows the assessment of narrowed and clogged arteries that can cause heart attack and stroke.
Coronary CTA is a non-invasive alternative to traditional angiography that offers detailed images of heart function, resulting in faster, more accurate diagnosis. It helps stratify cardiac risk in patients with low to intermediate likelihood of coronary artery disease. For some patients with chest pain, coronary CTA can rule out the need for cardiac catheterization.
Coronary imaging requires a very fast CT scan, because the coronary arteries and other cardiac structures move rapidly during the cardiac cycle. The current 'state of the art' 64 slice multi-detector row CT systems rotate around the patient in less than 500 ms. The data must be acquired monitored by an electrocardiogram, which allows the computer to reconstruct retrospectively slices at different small segments of the cardiac cycle. This cardiac synchronization reduces motion artifacts in the coronary arteries and provides movies of the beating heart and valve motion.
See also Coronary Angiogram, Calcium Score, Cardiac Phase, Cine Mode and Defibrillator.
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 [last update: 2023-11-06 02:01:00]