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Searchterm 'Matter' found in 1 term [
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Matter
Matter is anything that occupies space and has form or shape.
Gamma Ray
Gamma rays are a form of nuclear radiation that consists of photons emitted by radioactive elements from the nucleus. This high energetic light emission is also produced from subatomic particle interaction, such as electron positron annihilation. Gamma radiation, similar to x-radiation can injure and destroy tissue, especially cell nuclei.
Gamma rays have in general very high frequencies, short wavelengths, are electrically neutral and penetrate matter. The interaction of gamma rays with matter depends on the nature of the absorber as well as the energy of the gamma rays; these interactions determine also the type and amount of shielding needed for radiation protection.

See also Radiation Safety, Lead Equivalence, Lead Apron, Leaded Glove, Glove-Box, Radioactive Decay Law and Radiation Worker.
Ionizing Radiation
Radiation can ionize matter caused by the high energy which displaces electrons during interactions with atoms. In the electromagnetic spectrum higher frequency ultraviolet radiation begins to have enough energy to ionize matter.
Examples of ionizing radiation include alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, x-rays, neutrons, high-speed electrons, high-speed protons, and other particles capable of producing ions by direct or secondary processes in passage through tissues.
Damage of living tissue results from the transfer of energy to atoms and molecules in the cellular structure. Ionized cells have to repair themselves to remain alive. Generally, healthy cells have a higher capability to repair themselves than cancer cells.

Biological effects of ionizing radiation exposure:
Generation of free radicals;
break down of chemical bonds;
production of new chemical bonds and cross-linkage between macromolecules;
deregulation of vital cell processes by molecule damage (e.g. DNA, RNA, proteins).

Ionizing radiation are used in a wide range of facilities, including health care, research institutions, nuclear reactors and their support facilities, and other manufacturing settings. These radiation sources can pose a serious hazard to affected people and environment if not properly controlled.

See also Radiation Safety, Controlled Area, Radiotoxicity and As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
Photon
A photon is a discrete packet of electromagnetic energy. The amount of energy depends on the frequency (wavelength) of the photon. Highest frequency, most energetic photon radiations are gamma rays, up to 300 EHz - 1.24 MeV. In addition to energy, photons are also carrying momentum.
Photons have no electrical charge or rest mass and exhibit both particle and wave behavior.
Photons are traveling in vacuum (without interactions with matter) with the constant velocity of 2.9979 x 108 m/s (c, speed of light).
Photons get absorbed or scattered away from their original direction of travel when interacting with matter.
High energy photons as for example x-rays cause damages to exposed tissue and cells. Radiation exposure is measured in roentgen, radiation absorption in Roentgen//min.
Photon radiation in the frequency ranges of x-rays and gamma rays are used for medical diagnostic and treatment.

See also Photon Energy and Gamma Ray.
Scattered Radiation
Scattered radiation is caused by interaction of the primary radiation with matter. The interaction with matter could cause a change in direction (scattering) and a reduction in energy.
From a radiation protection point of view, scattered radiation is assumed to come primarily from interactions of primary radiation with tissues of the patient.
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 [last update: 2023-11-06 02:01:00]