The administrative dose guidelines are the predetermined value of radiation dose to workers, below the dose limit (administrative level), which triggers a specific course of action when the dose value is exceeded, or is expected to be exceeded.

See also Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee, Food and Drug Administration, Material Safety Data Sheet, Annual Dose Limit, Air Kerma, Supervised Area and Drug Development and Approval Process USA.

(ALARA) 'As low as reasonably achievable' is a precautionary principle that should be part of basic radiation safety considerations in protection to the exposure as well as in other technologies of the medical, the nuclear and the industrial fields.
ALARA is based on three principles: Justification means that possible exposure to humans should yield a sufficient benefit to society to justify the risks of the radiation exposure. The ICRP in 1977 states that 'all exposures shall be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account'. The radiation exposure must be reduced to the lowest level possible, considering the costs of such a limitation in dose.

A computed tomography (CT) power injector (also named pressure injector) is used to deliver contrast agents during CT imaging procedures with high-flow, high-volume, fixed-rate injection at relatively high pressures. The use of power injectors allows precise administration of contrast agent to obtain consistent high quality CT images. A dual-head CT power injector permits loading of contrast and saline onto the same injector. Contrast injection systems manage injector protocol data, improve patient safety, and workflow efficiency. When combined with pressure monitoring systems and hardware to prevent extravasation (accidental leakage of IV material into the surrounding tissue) these CT injectors can simultaneously mitigate risk.

See also Contrast Media Injector, Single-Head CT Power Injector, Multi-Head Contrast Media Injector, Syringeless CT Power Injector.

The industry standard of computed tomography (CT) contrast media power injectors changed over time from single-head to dual-head systems. The advantage of a power (or pressure) injector with two syringes is that a saline solution can be injected first to open the veins, followed by a second injection with contrast agent. Then the first head flushes the saline to maintain contrast flow. As a result, much less contrast agent is needed (about 30 percent less), helping to reduce costs. Dual-head contrast media injectors also provide greater patient safety by reducing the pressure of the flow rate, helping to prevent damage to the veins.
Contrast delivery is much more controlled and efficient when using a dual-head power injector (also called double-piston injector). Also, these medical devices are required to accommodate the quick imaging times typical for a multi-detector CT scanner.

See also Contrast Media Injector, Single-Head CT Power Injector, CT Power Injector, Multi-Head Contrast Media Injector, Syringeless CT Power Injector.

European Medicines Agency (EMEA) is a decentralized body of the European Union with headquarters in London.
'The EMEA began its activities in 1995, when the European system for authorizing medicinal products was introduced, providing for a centralized and a mutual recognition procedure. The EMEA has a role in both, but is primarily involved in the centralized procedure. Where the centralized procedure is used, companies submit one single marketing authorization application to the EMEA. A single evaluation is carried out through the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) or Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP). If the relevant Committee concludes that quality, safety and efficacy of the medicinal product is sufficiently proven, it adopts a positive opinion. This is sent to the Commission to be transformed into a single market authorization valid for the whole of the European Union.'
'Its main responsibility is the protection and promotion of public and animal health, through the evaluation and supervision of medicines for human and veterinary use. The EMEA coordinates the evaluation and supervision of medicinal products throughout the European Union. The Agency brings together the scientific resources of the 25 EU Member States in a network of 42 national competent authorities. It cooperates closely with international partners, reinforcing the EU contribution to global harmonization.'